Odysseus and Supernatural Beings

Odysseus and Supernatural Beings Throughout Homer's Odyssey, there are many supernatural beings that interact with Odysseus. These beings play an important role as either advisors, temptations or foes to Odysseus. Throughout his journey he is confronted with conflicts where he is either helped or hindered by these supernatural beings. Below are some examples of the beings that either helped or hindered Odysseus during his journey. The goddess Athena, goddess of wisdom and war, is the most powerful intelligent and influential woman in Odysseus’s life. She is always at his side. She speaks on behalf of Odysseus, telling Zeus, her father, that her heart breaks for forlorn Odysseus. Odysseus longs to see the curls of smoke rising from his home fires in Ithaca, she says, but Calypso will not loosen her hold on him. She reminds Zeus that Odysseus dedicated many burnt offerings to him at Troy. Swayed by her words, Zeus sends the messenger god, Hermes, to Calypso’s island with a command to release Odysseus. Athena aids Odysseus in many ways throughout his entire journey, like when she changes the course of events that take place when he first meets the princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia. Athena changes the course of the ball that the girls are throwing so that it falls on Odysseus and wakes him up, leading him to meet Nausicaa. Many times Athena convinces Zeus and the other Gods that Odysseus is worth saving. Perhaps the most formidable foe of Odysseus is the sea god Poseidon, who continually attempts to thwart the efforts of Odysseus to make a safe journey home. On one of Odysseus adventures he angers the great sea god, Poseidon, by blinding his son, Polyphemus, king of a race of one-eyed giants who inhabit the island of Sicily. In retaliation, Poseidon relentlessly torments Odysseus after he leaves Sicily, imperiling his voyage at every turn. He is aware that he cannot kill nor stop Odysseus but continues his efforts to make Odysseus journey throughout the story full of peril. An example of Poseidon’s wrath is seen as soon as he arrives back from Ethiopia and spots Odysseus making passage towards Phaeacia, he says, â€Å"Just look at him there, nearing Phaeacia’s shores where he’s fated to escape his noose of pain that’s held him until now. Still my hopes ride high-I’ll give that man his swamping fill of trouble,† Poseidon attacks Odysseus with a giant wave, and destroys his newly crafted raft. Odysseus survives with the help of the sea nymph Ino . The beautiful goddess Calypso who falls in love with Odysseus after he washes ashore on her island. Calypso, by means of enchantment, holds him prisoner there for seven years. Calypso used trickery and deceit to have possession over Odysseus. She was a beautiful nymph with a wonderful voice. Calypso uses these advantages to get what she wants. Calypso tries to make Odysseus her husband and asks him if he would want to be immortal by staying on the island with her. Odysseus tells her â€Å"I each day I long for home, long for the sight of home†¦. † In the end, the Gods overpower Calypso into letting him go, but she still demonstrates the god's idea as if it was her own. She tells him â€Å"O forlorn man, be still. Here you need grieve no more; you need not feel your life consumed here; I have pondered it, and I shall help you go†¦. In the end, she helps Odysseus after releasing him by providing him a raft and provisions to help him on his way without incident if the gods wish it. In conclusion, Odysseus, a mortal, is both helped and hindered by these supernatural beings. He encounters the wrath of Poseidon numerous times throughout his travels. He was held captive by Calypso on her island while longing for home. The Goddess Athena guided and protected hi m the most throughout his travels. Without the aid of these supernatural beings, the journey of Odysseus would not have been the brave, courageous, and risky adventure that it was.

Festival and Events

Executive Summary The charity sector is large and growing, and has substantial assets at its disposal. Sport charities today form an increasingly important part for the local economy and also promoting healthy living at the same time (Fill, Groan and Fairly, 2012). Serve your racquets! A racquet sports charity event organized by Starry Family. It is a unique sport charity event as it only focuses on racquet based sports, organized to raise funds to help and support single parent's in the State of Victoria, Australia. Serve your racquets! S to be held at major sporting venues in and around the City of Melbourne on the last two weeks of November 2013 with local celebrities taking part in the games to promote the noble cause aimed at promoting family wellness and healthy living. While sport participation continues to represent a prominent aspect of leisure and recreation, there has also been a pronounced shift toward support of charitable causes for both individual consumers and corpora tions (King, 2001). Giving to charity is a complex decision driven by a variety of motives.Research has shown that reciprocity is an important motivating factor for charitable donations among young professionals today (Fill, Funk and O'brien, 2010). Reciprocity involves an individual giving to charity because he or she has benefited from, or anticipates benefiting from, the charity's central activities. Research has also suggested motives related to inherent needs of donors such as self-esteem and the need to help others (Ruthenium, 2000, as cited in Fill, Funk and O'brien, 2010). 1 . Serve your racquets!The idea/theme of this sports charity is that it only focuses on racquet sports such as tennis, badminton, squash and table tennis and etc to raise funds for single parent's facing difficulties in their everyday life. It is a unique charity event which is open to he public over a period of the last 2 weeks in the month of November 2013, allowing more participation from the public. W hat makes it exciting is that participants of the event is allowed to wear any costumes they like as long it is not revealing or indecent clothing. The principle of Serve your racquets!The aim of Serve your racquets! Is to educate the greater community in order to increase their awareness of everyday problems/challenges faced by single parent's. To do this, sports is involved as it is the most common activities in the world, with participation in very country and at all levels of society. Sports have a strong history all levels of society which in turn allows both the participants and the public at large to help those in need by meaner of education and awareness and living a healthy lifestyle at the same time (Fill, Groan and Fairly, 2012).Here is the general outline of the purpose of the sports charity event concept: The purpose of this concept is so that once completed, evaluations can be done to see if the event can be delivered successfully within the available timeshare and res ources. This process is known as the feasibility study (Allen, Harris and McDonnell, 2008). There are three steps in the feasibility study related to events. 1 . The marketing screen 2. The operations screen 3. The financial screen The marketing screen involves examining how the target audience of the event is likely to respond to the event concept (All et al. 008). This meaner that the event managers will need to pay a great deal of attention to media responses and the responses (feedbacks) of those who hear about the event concept. Event successfully, and whether the event managers have these skills and resources or have access to them (Allen et al. 2002). In this case any resources or skills required or the event are generously available, such as security, medical standby services and food stalls. This screen examines whether the event organization has the sufficient financial commitment, sponsorship and revenue to undertake the event (Allen et al. 008). Optimistically the event will have some form of sponsorship support as described in the stakeholder section, and if objectives are reached there will be a profit of over hundred thousand dollars. The key target of the event The goals of the Serve your racquets! Event is to: 1. To raise funds to help and support single parent's. 2. To attract at least ten thousand attendees during the 2 weakling events. 3. Raise over two hundred and fifty thousand dollars in participation fees alone. 4.To earn recognition from all stakeholders (including the public) during the event to formulate it into a major event. 2. The stakeholders of Serve your racquets! Event. L. The organizer Starry Family as the main organizer that will be running the event. II. Internal staff (or Volunteers) The event will require area managers who coordinate the activities in each area (in and around the City of Melbourne), guidance staff who inform and direct attendees and participants, medics for health and emergency services and security in ca se of any unwanted activities and disturbances.Ill. Event planner/manager Event planner and general manager who coordinates and provides logistics for the event. The people who signed up for the event or attending to watch the events. There will be those that come to the event for purely for entertainment reasons, and those who will get involved in buying and selling merchandise. V. Sponsors In the recent decades, sponsorship is no longer seen as a measure of goodwill, but a primary promotional tool in the market mix (Conway, 2004). Therefore it is very likely that this event will receive some benefits from sponsors.VI. Media The many forms of media that will be used to promote and advertise the event is through social media websites, radio along with newspaper advertisements with details such as date, venue, participant fees and other important event details that participants may be interested in. 3. Marketing/Promotion With technology growing at a fast pace, marketing/promoting th e â€Å"Serve your racquets! † event through certain media sources can result in positive revenue and create more attention to the not only fans of the sports but the broader audience.With the rapid growth in social media websites and the easy-to-access ideal through smart phone APS, this form of marketing can become very beneficial in the long run (Wolf, Here, and Walker, 2013). The most commonly used websites to promote a sport charity event through social media are Faceable and Twitter. Besides that, advertisement will be made on newspapers with announcements on the radio. Marketing this event through social media websites can be a very handy way to create awareness and recognition as Faceable has received more than 1. Billion visits a week and twitter receives more than 400 million visits a month (Sullivan, 012). A website linked by social media application will provide the event details such as date, venue, fees and other important event details that participants may be interested in. 4. Contested Meaning Other important decisions that need to be made whilst developing an event concept is the duration of the event and the season, days and times when the event will be held (Allen et al. 2002). The event will be held on the last two weeks of November.Reason being that though it is an outdoor and indoor event the good weather conditions are beneficial as more people would be willing to go out as often as possible. The two weakling events will start on Sunday the seventeenth of November and it will end on Saturday the thirtieth of November. The event times are: Weekdays, am – pm Weekend, loam – pm The weekdays are predicted to attract the seniors and non workers, while the weekend is predicted to attract families and young adults who work on weekdays.The event is expected to be held at the Rod Lever Arena and at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre. The reason of the choice of venues is that both host venues has very good access to public transportation and both venues as ample of space to host various racquet games. 6. Community Benefit At least 40% of the collected fees will be used to cover necessary expenses incurred during the event. Meanwhile, the rest of the 60% of the collected fees along all personal and pledged donations will go 100% directly to Starry Family for the benefits of single parent's in the State of Victoria.This will help improve and provide a sustainable path for thousands of single parent's. Besides that, the local community has the opportunity to take part in the events to exercise further boosting the image 7. Estimated Economic Impact Starry Family as the organizer will have to rent booths, and tents on venues, generating income for the host of the respective sporting venues. Starry Family will also be setting up booths for sport retailers to sell their sport equipment and merchandise as well as souvenirs for the event.Attendees and/or participants will likely spend money both at the event and in the surrounding community (those traveling to the sporting venues). This will surely boost revenue for businesses located in and round the city as well as making full use of the public transport. 9. List of sponsors Request for sponsorship has been made to the Commonwealth Bank (Australia's largest bank), Rebel Sport (sporting and leisure equipment retailer), Mercer (global leader in HER and related financial advice), The City of Melbourne (as the venue partner) and Woolworth (Australia's largest food retailer). 0. Media and broadcast coverage There will be media coverage by Channel Ten, BBC local radio as well as the Herald Sun newspaper to report on the highlights and latest happenings during the event. 1 1 . Seeking Government funding Request has been made to the State Government of Victoria for funds to partially over the cost of organizing the event if 100% of all personal and pledged donations are to be made to Singleness (Australia's biggest charity for sing le parent's).The contribution of recreation and charity motives in the development of attachment demonstrates motives related to leisure including escape, social, competency, and intellectual. With motives related to charitable giving such as reciprocity, self-esteem, need to help others, and desire to improve the charity play a part in a sport event taking on enhanced importance and greater meaning for participants (Wolf, Here, and walker, 2013).

Water Pollution in Textile Industry

Reduction In the con. [amount of chemicals used thereby reducing their harmful effects. Reduction of waste concentration by recovery and reuse. Reduction of waste concentration by chemical substitution. Reduction of waste concentration by process modification. Segregation of Fenton of each process. Devising suitable treatment for ultimate disposal, to meet the requirements. To explore the economics related to reuse of treated Fenton.Reduction In waste water volume Reducing the number of washing and use of hot water in washings use of counter current washing use of standing bath in dyeing Use of low Liquor Ratio systems Good house keeping and prevention of leakages and spillages (A reduction of 20- 40 volume of wastewater generated Is possible) Reduction In con. / amount of chemicals Optimum use is necessary, which is not always possible in textile processing industry Textile processing involves heterogeneous interactions between fiber material – solid and chemicals – li quid, solutions or emulsions.Essential operations involved in Textile Processing : Maximum penetration of chemicals into fiber material to achieve desired Interactions. Thorough removal of unused/unfixed chemicals and Impurities from the textile material. Because of the heterogeneity of Interaction, only Limited absorption f various types of chemicals and coolants used for chemical processing onto the textile fiber materials is possible. Reduction of waste con. By recovery and reuse of Recovery of synthetic sizing agents from desiring bath and their reuse.Reactive dyes have very low BODY) Multifunctional reactive dyes for better fixation & less unfixed Use of non-ionic tessellate fatty alcohols and anionic polymerases in place of alkyl phenol tessellates CEO-friendly stabilizers, sequestrates Use of mineral acid in desiring Use of enzymes in various processes Substitution of sodium sulfide for sulfur dyes Disperse- hydrocarbon carriers No or less kerosene in Pigment Printing Partial or complete replacement of printing gums by suitable emulsions Formaldehyde free cationic dye fixing agent, DEEMED, low formaldehyde Low salt dyesReduction of waste con. By process modification Use of Foam technology Use of transfer paper printing Combined processes Automatic dispensing Segregation of drain Many a times it is convenient to segregate the waste water of a particular textile wet process for efficient reuse/ recovery of chemicals or dyes. This leads to economy of the process. However it is utmost necessary to have sufficient concentration of the chemical / dye in the waste water that can be economically recovered and put to reuse. If the concentration is too low or if the chemical is cheap, then this technique s ineffective.Devising suitable treatment for ultimate disposal Depends on mode of discharge of effluent. Balance between the capital cost and running cost of treatment. If disposal is into public sewers, preliminary treatment (screening, grit removal and equaliz ation) followed only by primary treatment with chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation will be necessary. If disposal is directly to stream then primary and secondary treatment is necessary. If disposal is on the agriculture land, primary treatment followed by gypsum treatment for reduction of sodium will be necessary.

HRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

HRM - Assignment Example Taking due note on the strategies focused on HR and training, a critical analysis of my workplace, i.e. Al Amal Complex for Mental Health in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia 2004, where I worked as a psychologist in the addiction section, will be conducted. Correspondingly, this essay will represent all those instances that indicated towards certain gaps existing in the above mentioned fields of HR and Training. In order to derive a succinct understanding about the importance of HR and Training, the essay will also take into account factors relating to organizational effectiveness that can be attained by way of inducing appropriate corporate training programmes in the healthcare workplace. In a similar context, the essay will also represent various reasons for which corporate training programs fail. Each of these reasons will be highlighted in a specific manner. In addition, the importance of Training Needs Assessment (TNA) in the overall context of HR will also be determined upon. Similarly, the essay will reflect certain strategies through which the effectiveness of a training program can be evaluated. All of these factors will share proper correspondence with that of the current HR situations persisting in the medical hospital with the intention to suffice the objectives in this paper. Reasons for Corporate Training Failure Corporate training is considered to be a very important aspect for ensuring proper improvement in the skills of the employees along with their continuous performance enhancement. This special type of training provides great aid in determining the employees’ job requirements and gaining greater efficiency in managing people within an organisational setting. In precise, as per the Human Resources Management (HRM) theory of the modern organisational behaviour, effective and continuous training leads to the development of highly productive as well as a unique set of skills within the employees that further helps them in delivering high-end organ izational results. Corporate training primarily comprises different functions, which reflect training on new company software, workshops, online training and leadership training among others (Mudler, 1995). However, these types of training do not necessarily provide high end results being largely dependent on various other factors including organisational design and structure of decision making prevailing within the workplace. This aspect can be provided with maximum amount of weightage when assessing the possible reasons behind organizations failing to meet the requirement of the employees through corporate training (Mudler, 1995). Failure of corporate training programs may very well be related my experiences, when I worked in Al Amal Complex for Mental Health in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia 2004, as a psychologist in the addiction section. The hospital in which I was working did not consider training to be a part of HR, which I believe to have been the major reason for corporate failure in that unit. With the head office controlling the training processes within

Louis Esson and Early Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Louis Esson and Early Nationalism - Essay Example (Suryadinata, 2000) The play presents an opposing arena where the ideological left is pitted against the somewhat dull and repetitive depiction of the right. Not only is the play a reflection of the nationalistic principles of Esson, but it illustrates the political environment at the time with the then Prime Minister Andrew Fisher having just gained power. This leader would lay the foundations of Australia's new national statutory structure as well as representing the first federal and senate majority government in addition to the first Labour party majority. (Carroll, 2004). Barrett's speech echoes many of Esson's socialist views, with his hard no nonsense delivery, designed to make the public feel like they have something more to think about beyond the realms of conventionality and traditional party politics. It is an urban play unlike the majority of Esson's later body of work of bush located themed dramas. This play was given an amateur performance in Melbourne and heralded Esson as one of the founders of a distinct new genre of Australian drama. Louis Esson and the Australian Theatre is a correspondence w... Louis Esson and the Australian Theatre Louis Esson and the Australian Theatre is a correspondence with Esson's friend and work colleague Vance Palmer who published the letter, together with other documents relating to the work of Esson in 1948. It provides an insight into the opinions and objectives oat the time of Esson's intensions to fundamentally change the direction and angle of his work. It describes conversations had between Esson and his contemporaries, Yeats and Synge following Esson's extensive travels to Europe. Yeats himself had an overwhelming sense of nationalism, and as the letter demonstrates has persuaded Esson here into believing that the future of his success is dependent on writing and producing plays that have a rural focus set in the country. Only then will the true essence of nationalistic belief in your country be recognized and appreciated. This is supported with damning attacks against other writers of the time who Esson; now completely influenced by Yeats considers superficial, when measuring the content of their work against their inability to be true to life as their writing is only informed by emotions and personal tragedy. Labeled the 'so called intellectual drama'. Yeats's strong nationalistic impression of Ireland as a nation perpetually battling for independence, politically torn apart and steeped in Celtic tradition which he advocates in many of his works is compared to Australia in this letter. (Bell, 1997) He justifies this in terms of its true national ideologies w hich he feels should be recognized and publicized more through Esson's own abilities as a playwright And the reader is told

- Text The Handmaids Tale (Atwood) What is the purpose of morality Essay

- Text The Handmaids Tale (Atwood) What is the purpose of morality What are the pros and cons What is morality - Essay Example Whether it results in the reinstatement of moral values to the creation of a better world is the matter of concern here. Based on the principle that â€Å"no society ever strays completely far from its roots† (Curious Pursuits, 91), Atwood has created a future society reviving the trends and practices of the Nineteenth Century Puritanism. The novel, which is the outcome of composite factors like vast and thorough reading of history, extensive travel, first hand experiences of real despotisms and experience acquired through a membership in the Amnesty International, perpetrates the author’s conviction that totalitarian regimes breed fear and silence. In such an atmosphere, morality is also a degenerative instrument of torture at the hands of the dictators. Morality, when enforced, becomes nothing but oppression and invariably fails to serve its purpose. The term morality implies the ability to discern right, good and virtue from their counterparts. Human beings are endowed with the ability to rationalize and the free will to face crucial situations in life demanding the exercise of these faculties. Every society has its set of standards in morality, so also each individual. Various factors like cultural parameters, contemporary trends and individual preferences play vital roles in deciding and setting up these standards. The revival of Puritanism in the novel, with its dictatorial enforcement of standards of living pose an outrageous, dismal and despicable picture of an impending possibility fulfilling a dystopia’s mission of warning the world. The simulated American theocracy in the novel is patterned after the Old Testament standards. In the imaginary nation ‘The Republic of Gilead’ which is the United States of America in the distant future, women are withdrawn from the public spheres and are categorized according to the duties they

Latino film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Latino film - Essay Example Similarly, the character of Frida Kahlo in 2002 Frida film (dir. Julie Taymor) is a central figure in a movie that tells the story of Frida Kahlo’s life. This character, despite some major differences from the character of Rosa, is able to fight for her own happiness and evolves as a strong representation of a Latin American woman. THESIS STATEMENT: Although women in El Norte and Frida are represented through completely different stories, time periods, and in totally different contexts, they have several important things in common. First of all, they both struggle against life circumstances; they both set out on a quest for happiness; they both evolve as strong personalities; and they both face untimely deaths without having found happiness on earth. Rosa in the Movie El Norte Rosa and her brother Enrique are the protagonists of El Norte, an epic movie about immigration and cultural conflicts and the quest for happiness. At its simplest, the movie may be perceived as a chronic led attempt of two Guatemalan teenagers to escape the brutalities of the military regime in Guatemala through illegal emigration to the United States. Rosa (Zaide Silvia Guierrez), a teenage Guatemalan girl, is portrayed epically, through a range of events in her life. She thinks, decides, acts, and eventually occupies the leading position in the film: when she dies, Enrique’s (David Villalpando) life goes empty and he supposedly commits a suicide. In this section of the paper, the focus will be put on the character of Rosa: what role it has in the film, how she changes throughout the film, how she struggles for her happiness, and how she evolves as a strong personality in due course of the film. Rosa’s central role in El Norte is evidenced by her clear decision-making part and her drive to find a better place to live, to achieve happiness and peace. An Indian woman by origin, she takes the decision to take her chances and flee to the U.S. with her brother Enrique. The off-spring of the Maya who have lived in Guatemala for centuries, Rosa makes up her mind to seek peace and happiness in a totally different culture. Raised on myths of the Mayan people, who have their own perception of the world and their own vision of life, Rosa makes a really tough decision. For her, to go to the United States or to go el norte means to enter the world totally alien and appallingly different. Yet she takes this step driven by her desire to find a home far away from the place where she was born and raised. Indeed, Guatemala failed to be her home, so Rosa hopes to find another one. While these dreams are not devoid of practical background (Rosa gets to know from Enrique that in the United States even poor people own their cars), her decision is more romantically inspired than carefully developed. Anyway, in the empty house where she and Enrique are under the threat of being murdered or abducted (just as their parents were), no one waits for them, except for the gho sts of their ancestors. Thus, there is no choice. Yet, there is hope. Hence, Rosa’s central role is displayed through her decision-making, which proves central to the whole movie. As a female character, Rosa constructs her character through a series of morose events and happenings, all of which leave an imprint on her tender yet resolute self.

Business Strategy term project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Business Strategy term project - Essay Example Agilent Technologies is a leading manufacturer of measurement devices in a variety of industries. It was formed through an IPO (initial public offering) from a spin-off of Hewlett Packard in 1999. The company website states the following about the company: "Agilent Technologies, a spin-off of Hewlett-Packard Company, broke records on Nov. 18, 1999 as the largest initial public offering (IPO) in Silicon Valley history. The US $2.1 billion raised from that IPO was a sharp contrast to the $538 in working capital that founders Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard began with in 1938. From a small garage in Palo Alto, California, to employees around the world serving customers in 110 countries It is located in room 5022, just off the Santa Clara Campus's main lobby at 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd. in Santa Clara, Calif..(Agilent,2007).The company's corporate brochure describes itself as: " When measurement matters, engineers, scientists, manufacturers, businesses, researchers, and government agencies rely on Agilent tools and solutions. ... No other company offers the breadth and depth of measurement tools and expertise to meet the world's critical requirements for electronic and bio-analytical measurement".(Corporate Brochure,2007) The 1934 setup company launched its first product after a good amount of R&D as the company's website states, "Bill Hewlett's study of negative feedback results in Hewlett-Packard's first product-the resistance-capacity audio oscillator (HP200A), an electronic instrument used to test sound equipment. The oscillator uses an incandescent bulb as part of its wiring scheme to provide variable resistance, a breakthrough in stability in oscillator design. The principle of feedback provides the foundation for other early HP products such as a harmonic wave analyzer and several distortion analyzers". (Agilent, 2007) In 1943 ,as the company's website states, "Company enters the microwave field with signal generators developed for the Naval Research Laboratory and a radar-jamming device. A complete line of microwave test products follows World War II, and the company becomes the acknowledged leader in signal generators". 2. Identification of the industry and competitorsAgilent has been operating in multiple industries as its website clearly states that, " Agilent has a long history of innovation and leadership in the communications, electronics, semiconductor, test and measurement, life sciences and chemical analysis industries".(Agilent,2007) The Major Competitors for Agilent Technologies are reproduced from Agilent Technologies Fact Book 2007 as under : Source :Agilent Technologies Fact Book, October 2007 Agilent began with measuring instruments way back in 1938 and developed this area as field of

102 exam question 4 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

102 exam question 4 - Article Example Friedman assumed that focusing on open social investments was not proper for business well-being and this would divert the goals of the business. The ideal goal of the company is to provide a return to its shareholders. By focusing on external social responsibilities, the corporation is distracted from its sole purpose. Friedman asserted that corporations do not know how to properly invest in social causes (Friedman, 1970/2002). Friedman deemed this as a tax upon stockholders of which they have no decision regarding how it is spent. Consequently, he added that an individual is on liberty to pursue social responsibilities; this is because the corporate executive lacks the ability to properly perform such actions (Friedman, 1970/2002). On the other hand, according to Archie Carroll’s, adding on to making a profit and obeying the law, a company should endeavor to improve or solve societal needs. His view is generally advocated through stakeholder theory. This theory maintains that corporations should consider the effects of their actions upon other individuals at stake or of interest in the corporation such as customers, suppliers, general public, and employees (Carroll, 1987). Businesses cannot pursue their long term profit returns if they have poor relations with their stakeholders or the environment. Meanwhile, firms cannot meet all the needs of their stakeholders and continue making profits. It is therefore advisable that management decisions should be based on an objective ethical code of conduct. Using the money that shareholders have invested in the businesses to support unprofitable needs of the society is clearly wrong. Therefore, businesses should make profits, obey the law, act according to an ethical standard, and only pursue corporate social responsibility activities that improve long-term shareholder wealth. A  corporation  is a legal entity, meaning it is a separate entity from its

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My Friends Unconditional Service - Essay Example For young people today, friends are considered as one of the strongest influential characters and may have been expected to offer genuine care, love and to some extent, service. Friends are important gifts in a person’s life and frequently they serve many roles like confidant and companion. It is through my friends that I learned how to maintain peace, show honesty and respect the feelings of other people. My friends were able to let me properly reflect and assess the situations before making crucial decisions. They tried so hard to convince me by explaining and citing examples of the various consequences, if and when, I engage to undesirable situations like cutting of classes, take my studies for granted, disrespect my parents, involve in the use of prohibited substances and other sources of dilemma. Friends are usually the first to become aware of our experiences of distress. My friends express sincerity and concern, which in the same manner enabled me to be in service to others as well and how I can be more helpful. Indeed my friends keep me out of trouble and all what they have shared, to me are examples of unconditional service. Sometimes when we think about friend’s service and generosity, the size of the gifts they give, or favors they shared are the few concrete things that come across our minds.

Protection from Self Incrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Disadvantages of television Essay Example for Free

Disadvantages of television Essay It is believed that television is one of the successful invention in this era. At first, television is used to transfer information from all over the world in the fastest speed. Nowadays, television has entered another stage, there are many shopping mall selling high-definition televisions. Other than first hand information, television provides us entertainment and knowledge. There are sitcoms, documentary, drama, sports, movie, etc. Nonetheless, is it good or not? This time, let us talk about the advantages and disadvantages of watching television. Like some people, I love watching television when I have spare time. In 21st century, watching television has been becoming a popular activity other than sports, or playing video games. Nevertheless, did you notice how many hours do you spend on watching television every day? And did you choose a suitable programme for yourself? Surprisingly, the average of an American watch television for 7 hours and 15 minutes per day. And this figured out how many people has already been invaded by television. Read more: Advantages of television essay Watching television is really a waste of time. Those for whom watching television 8 hours a day. They waste 56 hours a week, then they waste about 240 hours a month, and they waste about 2900 hours a year. As if we can make good you use of these 2900 hours, we can learn knowledge from books, can make ourselves more healthy. Also, television programme are not suitable for everyone. Violence and sexual materials affect the growth of children and teens. If their parents do not teach them, their children may result in committing crimes. Moreover, if their parents did not tell their children not to open the volume too loud or watching television in a longer distance, it may also hurt their ears and eyes easily. Furthermore, students who watch television more than 2 hours everyday, it may affect their academic because they have no longer concern about their study

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay Income gender gap can be reviewed at both the individual and institutional level. It refers to the prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory of individuals, and the policies that restrict the opportunities of minorities respectively. SECTION II THE ISSUES AND WHO ARE INVOVLED Income gender gap is also known as the disparity of income between sexes. It has been a debatable issue ever since globalization takes place. In the context of economic inequality, gender gap generally refers to the differences in the wages of men and women. This can be calculated as a ratio of female to male wages (often expressed as a percentage). The female population has been showcasing their talents and it is depending on how the world accounts and utilizes such talent pool to determine the competitiveness of the economies. Gender disparity in income is an issue that has been surfacing worldwide and economies would have been affected as a result. Thus, it was chosen as I openly felt that corrective measures might not have been designed to address the issue on a global scale. Besides, reports have also shown that the gender pay gap has not been fully resolved as many countries workplaces are still faced with the problem of gender discrimination. In this income gender gap report, I aim to highlight the importance of promoting gender equality. This is in hope that creation of greater awareness among a global audience is present, with implementation of good practices and effective measures drawn that can help further reduce gender inequality. An example of common stereotypes stating males being more dominant and females seen as the weaker sex are present. This happens when both sexes working in the same field are being remunerated differently the male with a higher wage as compared to the female. Singapore is not spared in this aspect. Statistics have shown that there is a closing of gender income gap. However, this is only relevant in the occupations of professionals, services/sales and cleaners/labourers. Statistics have shown that employers tend to empower males with prospective occupation tracks that lead them to having high flying careers; however this isnt so for the females. There is more likelihood that employers entrust women with occupation positions that are deemed to be dead-end, or have very little mobility for advancement. This is due to the perception that women will leave their jobs or labour force at times of marriage or pregnancy. SECTION III WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR US TO TALK ABOUT IT? The principle of equality of opportunity is one of the basic tenets of human development. However, the differences in wage between genders speak about how discrimination brings about inequality and places one at an advantage or vice versa. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), progress in reducing the gender pay gap is very slow in Europe and Central Asia. The gender income gap may have narrowed in some countries, but on an international level, it is still not evident as proven by ILO. Improvising of stricter policies and measures should be done in the light of significance in every country and the most effective means of doing so is through governments intervention. The talents of women which involved the capacity for and skills are not equally rewarded. Also, division of work has always been gendered, which left women often experiencing a disparity in the labour market limited positions and rights in companies. Constrain on the economic growth is one of the impacts contributed by gender inequalities in society. In the long run, society will experience greater negative consequences economically, resulting from this discrimination gender inequalities at work. This is because income inequality diminishes growth potential. With gender inequalities reduced, it benefits men and women, children and the elderly, for the poor and as well as the rich. This in turn would lead to the better advancement in economic growth. However, research begged to differ that such reduction in income disparity between genders would be positive. It is argued that higher inequality would be an advantage in encouraging growth in well developed regions although it will hinder growth in poor countries (Robert Barro, 1999). Although the economy at large is still affected, inequality and growth were believed to have no correlation-concluding that inequality neither drives nor impairs growth (World Development Report, 2000). This is also supported by a recent study on income inequality; a society in which income was distributed perfectly equally with respect to gender would not be a desirable place either (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2008). On a fair note during entry level for both sexes, earnings of womens pay have been analyzed in some countries and the increase in earnings is substantial, in addition, even higher than those of men because of their qualifications. This explains that income is based solely on merit of individuals. Still, I believe that this is not practiced internationally, with Singapore a globalized developed country, ranking 84 out of 134 countries, with a score of 0.666 (0.00=inequality/1.00=equality). And for wage equality for similar work, shes ranked 9th (World Economic Forum, 2009). Yet Singapore is still facing these problems at present. For this reason, the gender gap plays a significant magnitude in determining wage. In the perspective of Singapore, females still earn less than males in all occupations. Disparity is even wider when comparing of mean incomes, which implies that males still receive higher wages than their female counterparts as a whole. This is backed by structural constraints in Singapores economy preventing women from attaining similar income. Comparison of the monthly gross salary in the managerial roles shows signs of glass ceiling. The mean gross wage is $7272 for a female, compared to $9065 for a male, and the median gross wage is $5673 for a female, compared to $6450 for a male (Singapore Yearbook of ManPower Statistic, 2009). Predetermined conception that women have shorter employment life-spans and experiences on the job due to pregnancy and traditional domestic duties, such as child rearing and housekeeping is the contributing factor bringing about stereotype against women at the workplace. Studies have shown that these factors accounts for a considerable component of the gender wage gap. Due to womens family-related commitments and priorities, the average woman on the labour market has fewer years of experience than the average man, which contributes to the difference in pay between men and women. Furthermore, an equal position whereby both genders are employed takes into the consideration of National Service. Men trained in the National Service were being favoured, which played a part in the salary differentials. A strong argument cited that because National Service provides men with essential skills such as in leadership, organisation, and decision-making, which is said as to be a pre-requisite in the job market. Awarding them a higher starting salary in the public and private sectors is justifiable. Since National Service is unavoidable, it is deemed as a result that women may be left with little power in the public and private sectors in terms of representation. SECTION IV WHERE CAN WE START TO FIX THE PROBLEM? With males given a higher edge above their female counterparts in the context of wage, it is a prejudice as men is seen as the domineering sex. Thus, with no qualms that such an issue creates inequality in society. Men would be given perks at the expense of the degree and opportunity of womens representation; which are considerably affected by social norms and perceptions regarding womens roles in society. I take the stand that both genders should be given equal benefits based on their qualifications, and hence the pay differentials should not surface. At the individual level, adopting different educational-informational means to alter the aforementioned public perception of womens role in various spheres of society is essential. Using these strategies may boost public awareness of gender stereotyping, ensuring there is minimal social prejudice against women, as well as strengthening a positive insight. With the aim of overcoming uncertain societal nature of womens representation in the labour force, it is necessary to adopt legal constitutional provision on the principle of womens right to be represented. In Singapore, the Government and social partners commitments are affirmed by the addition of an appropriate clause in collective agreements to certify that employers conform to the principle of paying their employees the remuneration based on merit. To conclude, with the implementation of various means would improve the status of female representation and gender equality.

Carers of elderly Dementia sufferers

Carers of elderly Dementia sufferers Introduction The aim of this patient case study is to discuss the care and nursing interventions that an older person with dementia received in his home within the community during placement. There will be discussions focusing on normal ageing process, taking into account the relevant biological, sociological and physiological perspectives and the impact this had on this individuals life experience. The relevant epidemiology and aetiology factors will be examined and the social and kinship support networks will be identified, how they work together to provide individual holistic patient care, and finally the impact of current legislation on the overall care provided will be analysed. The learning experience and actions that I will take in order to ensure my continued professional development and learning will be discussed, followed by the conclusion. The rationale for this is to demonstrate an understanding of the theoretical and practical links in caring for individuals with this condition in th e community Confidentiality is maintained in conjunction with NMC (2010). Thus a pseudonym (Scot) is adopted where the clients name is mentioned. Scot was chosen for the purpose of this case study because his strength of character was admired and a good relationship was established. . The patients permission was obtained after an explanation of the purpose and proposed content of the case study, with a CPN present. Context Scot is a 67 year old man with a long term history of psychosis. Recently he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, a type of dementia which affects the brain cells and brain nerve transmitters, which carry instructions around the brain. Scot is also a non-insulin dependent diabetic and has hypertension, both of which are controlled by oral medication and had been non-compliant of late. Due to the decline of his mental state, he has been refusing access to his main carer (his wife) and was at risk of self-neglect. His aggressive outbursts follow an unpredictable pattern where his mood could change from pleasant and content to a highly agitated in a short pace of time. More recently, he has been observed to become low in mood and isolate himself. In particular, Scots aggressive behaviour could put others at risk of harm, or Scot could put himself at risk of retaliation from others. He has become lost and disoriented, even within the relatively small confines of the family home. S cot and his wife had been married for over 40 years. Initially his wife managed well, but as time went by and the dementia worsened, she found it increasingly difficult to look after her husband, do her household chores and have any life for herself. She could not leave him alone while she shopped, and it was too difficult to take him along. Eventually the stress, the low morale and the frustration of caring for Scot began to toil on her (Hoe et al 2009). What seemed to have been the last straw for Scots wife was when he started squatting in corners and urinating on the floor. Scot began to progressively have less interest inside and outside home, which is highlighted by intellectual, emotional and memory disturbances of dementia (Dexter et al, (1999). The deterioration again led him to becoming absent- minded, forgetting appointments, forgetting about his meals and forgetting things he has left in the house. It further progressed to extreme situations where he would recall past eve nts of his youthful days but not about the recent events. He would also get up in the middle of the night wandering around the house, which resulted in many falls and injuries to him. This major memory disturbance resulted in manifestation of confusion affecting his daily structure and routine of life. Current medication He had been well managed on Quetiapine until he had stopped taking the medication and his psychosis had worsened. Quetiapine is an oral antipsychotic drug used for treating schizophrenia and similar disorders. Like other anti-psychotics, it inhibits communication between nerves of the brain. Frequent adverse effects include headache, agitation, dizziness, drowsiness, weight gain and stomach upset (Ballard et al 2005). There is an interaction between Scots medication and his behaviour which requires a more skilled professional being required to administer medication. Aetiology Dementia as a disorder, is manifested by multiple cognitive defects, such as impaired memory, aphasia, apraxia and a disturbance in occupational or social functioning Howcroft (2004). Thus disturbances in executive functioning are seen in the loss of the ability to think abstractly, having difficulty performing tasks and the avoidance of situations, which involves processing information. The brain shrinks as gaps develop in the temporal lobe and hippocampus. The ability to speak, remember and make decisions is interrupted (ADS, 2011). Medical history Seven (7) years ago, he had a mild stroke. He has fractured both of his wrists and has no sensation of the heat or cold on his hands but can move and use his fingers perfectly fine. Referral Scot was referred to the CMHT on the 03 May 2011 by his General Practitioner (GP) with severe cognitive impairments due to Alzheimers disease for further assessment and treatment, as concerns have been raised about his vulnerability to exploitation by others. Epidemiology The Health of the Nation (DOH, 1991), Our Healthier Nation (DOH, 1998), and more recently, Living Well with Dementia (DOH, 2009) use information from the public health domain to look at trends and set targets for improvement. It aims to secure continuing improvement in the general health of the population by adding years to life and life to years. Overall, about 5% of the population over 65 has dementia, and the prevalence increases markedly with age (PSSRU 2007, ADL 2011)(Appendix 1). A new dementia map of the UK shows stark variations in the number of people suffering from the disease and those who have actually received a medical diagnosis (Appendix 1). Dementia Care Mapping (DCM), an observation tool designed at Bradford University, is a process internationally recognised for promoting a holistic approach to improving life for each individual because it evaluates the quality of the care being provided from the perspective of the person with dementia (BBC 2011) These prevalence rates have been applied to Office of National Statistics (ONS) population projections of the 65 and over population to give estimated numbers of people predicted to have dementia to 2025. The number of people with dementia nationally is forecast to increase by 38% over the next 15 years and 154% over the next 45 years. The estimates for early-onset dementia (onset before the age of 65 years) are comparatively small but, according to national statistics, are significantly under reported. Dementia is a major cause of disability in older people. According to the 2003 World Health Report Global Burden of Disease estimates, dementia contributed 11.2% of all years lived with disability among people aged 60 and over; more than: Stroke (9.5%), musculoskeletal disorders (8.9%).Cardiovascular disease (5.0%) and all forms of cancer (2.4%). Dementia costs the health and social care economy more than cancer, heart disease and stroke combined. Fewer than half of older people with dementia ever receive a diagnosis (DOH, 2009). Assessment A health needs assessment was carried out using my placement tool called CAREBASE and Observation. Assessment is a systematic process that aims to provide a framework for the collection of information relevant for the clients health experience, engage the client in a therapeutic relationship, and identify appropriate care, interventions and services (Thompson and Mathias, 2002). Psychiatric assessment therefore is the attempts to attribute a persons suffering to an underlying illness and thereby identify appropriate treatment (Barker, 2004). Scots assessment took a form of an assessment interview in consultation with his wife and children. The areas which were assessed included a clear description of his current symptoms; a detail and precise description of the problems that he is experiencing and a description of his social, occupational and domestic circumstances. Some other areas of importance were the support available and level of dependence as well as a comprehensive risk asses sment. These enabled me to elicit important information for a good clinical judgement (Guthrie and Lewis, 2007). A relaxed environment was facilitated in Scots home. Open questions were asked to gather as much information as possible to build a holistic picture of Scot, his needs and his community. I then transferred the details onto the University Tool as its contents met my expected learning outcomes. The model chosen to assess Scots needs was an adaptation of Roper Logan Tierney (RLT) model (1983) and the actual and potential problems based on the 12 activities of living were highlighted. This model was chosen as Walsh (1998) suggests it is trying to promote maximum independence and meet Scots needs. Haggart (1994) suggests the Neumans systems model seeks to involve patients in their health care and focuses on prevention. This is congruent with the needs of community nursing. Analysis Scots baseline observations on assessment were: temperature: 37.4 degrees Celsius, her pulse was 105 beats per minute and her blood pressure was 145 millimetres mercury systolic and 90 millimetres mercury diastolic. Scots Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and he scored 26, which classified him as being overweight. The lifespan of an obese person is 9 years less than someone of lower weight (Netdoctor, 2004). Obesity causes raised blood pressure and raised cholesterol levels which lead to CHD and stroke. It also fosters inactivity and generally involves an unhealthy diet which together contributes to cancer, diabetes, gall bladder disease, arthritis and musculoskeletal problems (NAO 2001). Because Scot has a chronic illness such as diabetes and is overweight these factors contribute to delay in healing. King (2001) suggests people with diabetes experience more wound healing problems. However, this does not affect Scot as he had no wounds. A recent study by Brown et al (2004) indicates that majority of people who are obese have some form of skin problems. In Scots case dryness, broken skin, red patches and itchiness were identified. A moving and handling assessment derived by Pilling (1993) score of 5 was obtained for Scot due to his body weight being above 17 stones. Scot is fully mobile and therefore no equipment was needed. Pilling and Frank (1994) report that this is a tool and should not be substituted for professional judgement or knowledge of correct handling techniques. With regards to sleep, it was identified that he has unstructured and lesser sleep patterns which is a contributing factor to his restless and agitations during the day. He also has difficulty in hearing. Furthermore, assessment of other age related physiological and psychological degeneration of vision, auditory, speech, impaired cognition etc. are essential for baseline assessment and understanding the effects of physical and mental capabilities of an older person. Care Plan All identified needs of Scot, which were highlighted as personal hygiene, nutritional intake, safe environment and sleeping (Roper et al, 1996). , were integrated into his care plan approach and the appropriate interventions were taken. The care plan was for Scot to be given one to one counselling sessions each day and encouraged to discuss topics related to reality such as current affairs, his family, home life or social life. The rationale for this action is supported by Schultz and Videbeck (2002), who assert that familiarity with, and trust in staff members can decrease a clients fears and suspicions, leading to decreases anxiety. Discussing familiar topics also stimulates patients to maintain contact with the real world and their place in it (Stuart and Laraia, 1998). He is to be monitored on his medication and mental state in order for him to maintain optimum level of physical and mental wellbeing. This was to include exercise, social group activities and a good balance of flui d and food intake. He was also to be encouraged and engage in social activities during the day to help him have adequate sleep during the night. It was also included that Scot should be on primary observation to ensure his safety. Scots family are his main carers. His daughters visit him regularly. Twigg (1994) suggests that the largest provider of care services in the community is the army of family, friends and neighbours who are reported to number over six million people. The National Strategy for Carers (1990) defines an informal carer as someone providing care without payment for a relative or friend who is disabled, sick, vulnerable or frail (Cooper et al, 2008). Fitting et al (1986) found that women more often feel obliged to give care than men and have more difficulty in coping with the dependency of their dementing relative. INTERVENTIONS Following Scots initial assessment, certain problems were identified and her care plan was initiated. Scots identified problems were nutrition, safety, sleep, pain, medication and dying. The agreed goal for Scots problem of nutrition was to ensure adequate dietary and fluid intake and this was to be achieved by referring Scot to the dietician and offering Scot small, appetising meals and monitor dietary intake. Nutritional assessment according to Harris and Bond (2002) should be integrated with the overall nursing assessment and the plan of care and implemented and evaluated and involves identifying and evaluating patients nutritional status using assessable techniques to quantify any impairment or risk, such as food record charts and risk assessment scores. The degree of Scots safety was assessed due to his potential risk of falling and causing harm to himself. To promote safe environment for Scot, all potential hazardous objects were removed, and that familiar objects including pictures, calendars, activity sheets were rather put in place to orientate him to his surroundings. To reinforce this, he was discussed with what was happening around him. All interaction with Scot also involved communicating clearly about one topic at a time so that he is not confused with excessive information (Holden et al, 1982). He was given hearing aid equipment, which was constantly checked for proper functioning. This was emphasised with effective verbal and non-verbal communication. During these times it was imperative to use tone of voice which was conductive to his hearing, appropriateness of touch, good eye contact, gestures and allowing Scot to express his fears and desires, all in an atmosphere of acceptance and reassurance. This was to build a rap port and maintain a trusting therapeutic relationship with him (Egan 2002). To reduce some of the night time disturbances, Scot was involved in a sleep hygiene programme which included maintaining regular times for rising and going to bed, avoiding stimulants such as alcohol and tobacco and using the bedroom only for sleep. Taking him for a walk, attending OT sessions and other social group activity also increased his daytime activity. Relaxation and breathing exercises was part of the caring process for Scot, which were intended to give him mastery over his symptoms especially when he became anxious or unable to sleep. And although there seemed to be no significant process being made by Scot on the breathing exercise, the programme continued to be reassessed and reviewed. His care programme also took into account some of the normal ageing process associated with old age such as the presence of pathology affecting the overall functioning of the individual. For instance, during Scots assessment for nutritional intake it was important to take into account the fact that many older people have a reduced food intake as result of being less active and reduced lean body mass which leads to a low intake of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals (Norman, et al 1997). A further factor considered was that of the medication which when used to treat certain conditions can in fact cause depression, which is brought on by the toxicity of the drugs. The elderly are more prone to toxicity because of their impaired absorption, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (Cosgray and Hanna, 1993). It was imperative to note that the older person tend to take medication errors such as omission of doses and incorrect dosage when they are self-administering a drug and many elderly people tend to take a number of different drugs for different ailments which causes further confusion. Thus all non-prescription medications such as bottles, out of date prescription items were also removed from the reach of Scot. This was to prevent Scot having access to potentially dangerous medication and inadvertently taking them incorrectly. Until his condition improved, his medication was given to staff in the community. Scot constantly brought up the issue of dying during every one to one session with him. Although he did not want to end his present condition by committing suicide, he accepted death as an invertible end, which he anticipates will inevitably come soon for him (Sampson et al 2011, Samson 2010). His main concern was to be able to work and spend time in his garden again before he died. However, he did have the tendency to be rather depressed of what he saw as not doing much in his prime days to fulfil his ambitions. This sometimes brought on a sense of guilt and sadness to Scot. The National Service Framework for older people (DoH, 2001) emphasised the need to support carers in their role. Scots wife was therefore educated about how to handle the decline capabilities of her husband including how to provide safe environment for Scot and help him with respite programmes that will give her a break from her care-giving responsibilities. Scots wife also received education and information about how and why her husband behaves in his condition and how she can reduce the feelings of anxiety, tension and loss of control that has resulted from the impact of Scots deterioration. CONCLUSION From this study, I learnt that, assessing the health needs of patients like Scot can be beneficial to him and his family. By conducting a thorough assessment and involving patient participation, a satisfactory package of care was made available to meet Scots health needs. Furthermore, I learnt patients can be fully aware of all the services that are available and the capacity of making choices at the time of assessment The NHS plan (2000) was a modernisation strategy where 19 billion pounds was invested for a ten-year plan 2000-2010. It introduced the National Service Frameworks (NSF), which set national standards and identify key interventions for a defined service or care group, put in place strategies to support implementation and established ways to ensure progress within an agreed time scale. The plan was developed to shift the balance of power from top down to bottom up and involve patient participation. The impact of the policy related directly to patient care and all patients including Scot are entitled to a basic package of care by being a member of a PCT. Scot benefits from an enhanced package of care, as the NSF for older people (2001) and NSF for diabetes (1999) is available. Local community facilities such as a bowling club and voluntary services such as Alzheimers Society and Age Concern are also used by Scot. By the end of my placement, evaluations showed that although there have not been significant changes in Scots mental and physical state, it is also imperative to note that he has been supported and maintained well to carry some of the daily activities of living. Whilst Scots care plan continued to be reviewed, there is also an on-going support and educational programmes for his wife, which will enable her to effectively care for Scot. I have understood that whenever I undertake care, I must take a holistic view of the persons physiological, psychological and social circ umstance in order to provide effective and continuous care. The model of care used on the (activities of living) worked fairly well for Scot. However, I do not feel it is a holistic model of care and focuses largely on the biomedical model of health. REFERENCES Alzheimers Disease Society ADS (2011) The prevalence of dementia. London. Alzheimers Society Ballard C, Margallo-Lana M, Juszczak E, Douglas S, Swann A, Thomas A, OBrien J, Everratt A, Sadler S, Maddison C, Lee L, Bannister C, Elvish R, Jacoby R (2005) Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimers disease: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. British Medical Journal 330: 874 Barker, P. (2004) Assessment in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. In search of the whole person. London: Nelson Thornes. Guthrie, E. Lewis, S. (2007) Psychiatry. A clinical core text with self-assessment. London: Churchill Livingstone. Hoe, J., Challis, D., Livingston, G., Orrell, M. (2009). Changes in the quality of life of people with dementia living in care homes. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 23(3), 285-290 Cooper, C., Katona, C., Orrell, M., Livingston, G. (2008). Coping strategies, anxiety and depression in caregivers of people with Alzheimers disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23(9), 929-936 Department of Health (2009) Living Well with Dementia: A National Strategy. The Stationary Office, London Department of Health (1990). The NHS and Community Care Act. London, HMSO Department of Health (2000). The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment. London, HMSO Department of Health (1998). Saving lives: Our Healthier Nation. White Paper, Stationary Office, London Department of Health (2009) Living well with dementia: A National Dementia Strategy Department of Health 2009 www.dh.gov.uk/dementia Department of Health. Projecting Older People Population Information System http://www.poppi.org.uk Dementia UK: A report into the prevalence and cost of dementia, Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU) at the London School of Economics and the Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College London, 2007 Dexter G. and Walsh M. (1999) Psychiatry nursing Skills: A patient control Approach. 2nd edition London. Chapman Hall Egan G (2002) The Skilled Helper: A problem management Opportunity Development approach to helping 7th edition C A Brooks/Cole Fitting M, Rabins P, Lucas M J, Eastham J 91986). Caregivers for demented patients: a comparison of husband and wives. Gerontologist 26(3):248-252 Haggart, M (1994. A Critical Analysis of Neumans Systems Model in Relation to Public Health Nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 18: 1917-1922 Holden U Woods R T (1982) Reality orientation:psychological approaches to the confused elderly. Edinburgh Churchill Livingston http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12598706 Accessed 10/05/2011 http://www.alzheimers-tesco.org.uk/Accessed 13/05/20011 King, L (2001). Impaired Wound Healing in Patients with Diabetes. Nursing Standard. 15(38): 39-45 Kenney R A (1989) Physiology of ageing:a sypnosis 3rd edition Year book medical publishers, Chicago Livingston, G., Leavey, G., Manela, M., Livingston, D., Rait, G., Sampson, E., Bavishi, S., Shahriyarmolki, K., Cooper, C. (2010). Making decisions for people with dementia who lack capacity: qualitative study of family carers in UK.. BMJ 341, c4184- Mental Health Observatory. Estimating the prevalence of common mental health problems in PCTs in England: A first approximation of the expected caseload for new psychological therapy services. May 2008. http://www.nepho.org.uk/mho/needs Morrissey M and Beila C (1997) Snoezelen: benefits for nursing older clients. Nursing Standard. 12 (3); 38-40 National Service Framework for Older People (2001). www.dh.gov.uk. (Accessed 13 May 2011) National Audit Office (2001). Tackling Obesity in England. London, NAO National Service Framework for Diabetes (1999). www.dh.gov.uk. (Accessed 23 April 2011) National Statistics (2001). www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. (Accessed 5 May 2011) Netdoctor (2004). www.netdoctor.co.uk. (Accessed 12 May 2011) Norman I.J. and Redfern S J (1997) Mental health care for elderly people London Churchill Livingston NMC (2008) The Code: standard of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery council Pilling, S (1993). Calculating the Risk. Nursing Standard. 8(6): 18-20 Roper, N., Logan, W.W and Tierney, A.J. (1996). Using a Model for Nursing. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone Sampson, E. L., Harrison Dening, K. (2011). Palliative care and end of life care. In Dening, T., Milne, A. (Eds.). Mental Health and Care Homes ( ). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Publisher URL [Accepted] Sampson, E. L. (2010). Palliative care for people with dementia. British Medical Bulletin , PMID: 20675657 Schultz G M and Videbeck S D (20020 Linppinacotts manual of psychiatric nursing care plans. 6th edition. Philadelphia. Linppicott Thompson, T. and Mathias, P. (eds.) (2002) Lyttles Mental Health Nursing and Disorder. London: Bailliere Tindall. Twiggs, T (1994). Carers Perceived. Milton Keynes, Open University Press Watson, N and Wilkinson, C (2001). Nursing in Primary Care: A Handbook for Students. London, Butterworth Heinemann

Connection Between School Culture and Leadership Styles :: Leadership

There is a connection between school culture and leadership styles. The literature review will also address the two basic categories of leadership. According to Cox (2001), there are two basic categories of leadership which are transactional and transformational. The following scholars (Barnett, McCormick & Conners, 2001) made the distinction between transactional and transformational leadership. James McGregor Burns’ (1998) introduces Burns the difference between ordinary (transactional) and extraordinary (transformational) leaders. According to James McGregor Burns’ (1998) transactional leaders exchanged tangible rewards for the work and loyalty of followers, and (transformational) leaders are the ones who engaged with followers. Additionally, the focused on higher order intrinsic needs, and raised consciousness about the significance of specific outcomes. (Bernard Bass, 2003) introduces the conception of transactional and transformational leadership. He states that they are separate concepts and that good leaders demonstrate characteristics of both. Bass (1990b, p. 21) states that Transformational leadership fosters capacity development and brings higher levels of personal commitment amongst followers. However, transformational leadership occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees. (Kelly, 2003; Yukl, 1989) asserts that Transformational leaders elevate people from low levels of need. Transformational leaders are said to create trust, admiration, loyalty and respect amongst their followers (Barbuto, 2005, p. 28). (Rice, 1993) determines that Transformational leadership is also based on self-reflective changing of values and beliefs by the leader and their followers. From this emerges a key characteristic of transformational leadership. According to Gronn (1996) the literature in educational leadership offers no single conception of the processes that constitute transformational leadership. Gronn (1996) makes emphasis on the close relationship between charismatic and transformational leadership. He point out the absence of notions of charisma in some work transformational leadership. (Leithwood & Jantzi, 2000) introduce the four main factors that make up transformational leadership whereas. They introduce the four main factors which are: 1.) Idealized influence, 2.) Inspirational motivation, 3.) Intellectual stimulation, 4.) Individualized consideration. The Additive Effect of Transformational Leadership supports these four main factors Hall, Johnson, Wysocki and Kepner (2002, p. 2). It will very important to evaluate the four main factors and the effect they can have when dealing with the topic of discussion which is the role of the principal in shaping school culture.

Dengue in Malaysia Essay -- Health, Diseases

Dengue has now emerged as one of the major public health problems in Malaysia. It was first reported in 1901 in Penang and since then the disease has become endemic concentrating mostly in urban areas. The objectives of this study were to utilize the temporal-spatial model to determine high risk areas for the dengue outbreak. This study examined a total of 25000 confirmed dengue fever cases, geo-coded by address in the city of Subang Jaya between Jan 2006 and December 2009, were included in the study. The results were drawn from a measurement of the three temporal risk characteristics (Frequency, duration and intensity) in order to determine the severity and magnitude of outbreak transmission.The values of the three indices were considered high in a spatial unit when their standard values were positive. Measurement of the three temporal risk indices found that there were areas with significant high value for each of the temporal indices. This suggested that areas within Subang Jaya M unicipality had different temporal characteristics for dengue occurrence. The utilization of three risk measures enabled to identify higher-risk areas for the occurrence of dengue fever, concentrated in the city’s northern region. The correlation coefficient for all the three types of relationship was above 0.7. The value indicated that there was a strong correlation between each temporal risk indices. Even though case notification data are subject to bias, this information is available in the health services and can lead to important conclusions, recommendations and hypotheses. As a recommendation, the temporal risk indices can be utilized by public health officials to characterize dengue rather than relying on the traditional case incidence data. ... ...rrupted cases. This index gives an idea of the persistence of transmission and represents the average duration, in weeks, of epidemic waves that occurred in the given period. †¢ Intensity index (ÃŽ ³), characterized as the mean incidence of cumulative dengue cases occurring in consecutive weeks per epidemic wave that had persisted for more than two week. It can be expressed as: ÃŽ ³ = TI / OE where TI is the incidence rate during the given period and OE is described above. It assesses the severity of transmission, and is based on sequences of weeks with the occurrence of uninterrupted cases. High values mean time-concentrated transmission. The dengue cases were provided by MPSJ where dengue cases were summarized according to the housing area, on a weekly basis. Therefore, this study used a week as a temporal unit for better comparison on different indices.

Creating Tension and Drama in the Courtroom in The Crucible Essay

Creating Tension and Drama in the Courtroom in The Crucible The crucible is about a mass hysteria which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials. A group of young girls are caught dancing in the woods and are suspected to of been calling out to the devil. Strange things begin to happen around the local village which are then suspected to be the work of the devil. Everyone in the village is to appear in court and faced with a death sentence. This fantastic and extremely tense play is written by Arthur Miller. Throughout Act Three Danforth; the deputy governor, who is in his sixties and plays an important part, is introduced. He is very sophisticated and respectful. Danforth plays the part of a very loyal man in which he makes antagonising decisions. However he is a very strong character and has his own opinions without being easily persuaded. Danforth has high expectations of both himself and his people. ’ I judge nothing of no one’ This tells the audience what Danforth’s character is like; a strong and noble man, and he will be looked upon as loyal man who has pride in which he can make his mind up for himself without listening to what others have to say. During Act Three Mary Warren plays a main part of a quiet girl who is made to confess by John Proctor that they girls are faking it and being over powered by the devil. Mary Warren who works for the Proctors has a good reputation. She has never done wrong, and is a hard working quiet girl. Mary is forced into court by Proctor to confess the truth. She speaks short words which shows fear. ‘ it were pretence sir’ ‘ aye, sir.’ Mary’s weakness causes tension as she is a weak character being forced to speak out by Proctor. Proctor mainly speaks... ...tly leaving the reader in suspense. My favourite scene was when Elizabeth was called into the court to justify Proctors accusation of lechery against Abigail. It gave the reader an unsure feeling of what the turn out would be like and what was going to happen next, this created more tension in this particular scene. I thought the ending was good and Act 3 was a fantastic build up for this dramatic ending. I think Miller’s intention of scene 3 being so dramatic was to build of for the ending which was not what I would have expected to of been like. This is good because it makes the reader want to read on. Miller was definatly successful in writing this play, he gave me the message, of what it was like back then, very strict and strong about there beliefs and witch craft. I think people would have definatly learnt from this story which is very strong.

Nursing concepts: competence, compassion, professionalism, Essay

Abstract There are different views on the concepts of nursing. Nurses can have the same views on nursing concepts as patients do with only slight difference. But overall the concepts of competence, professionalism, and compassion are viewed very similarly between the nurse and patient interviewed for this paper. Competence plays a key role in the quality of patient care. Compassion is a basis of nursing that expresses empathy towards patients, and professionalism can sometimes be based on behavior or values. Both nurse and the patient recognizes the need for these three concepts in the nursing field to better provide a better health care environment for both individuals. Introduction Nursing has four main concepts upon which it’s based open; client, health, environment, and nursing. Within these four basic concepts are a variety of nursing concepts ranging from ethics, religion, nurse’s role and many others. Though there is a long ongoing list, many of the concepts are viewed differently or similarly among nurses and patients. Upon reviewing the experience of a patient and a nurse, I have found both individuals had the common concepts of competence, professionalism, and compassion. The patient expresses the need for the nurse to be competent, professional, and compassionate. However the nurse’s experience demonstrates her compassionate attitude, professionalism and competency. Altogether both individuals recognize the importance of the three components in nursing care, as will be discussed further in the paper. Brief Analysis of Interviews E. J is currently an ER Nurse Educator who values being a competent nurse. Her typical work schedule involves making sure everyone in the ER is functioning at high competence levels. Competence in the viewpoint of E.J is having continuous knowledge, and an education to be an effective nurse. Patient J.A also views competence as an important aspect of nursing. She felt competency is apparent in the interaction between the patient and nurse and creates a lack of confidence and discomfort. However, for the patient being competent not only constitutes medical knowledge but also having experience both as a nurse and a patient as well. A competent nurse effectively creates a comfortable environment for the patient while caring for them physically is the approach taken by J.A. Moreover being culturally competent was also an important component from J.A’s substantial point of view. While being competent is important, both the nurse and patient responses revealed professionalism as another important concept in nursing. However the nurse appeared to have more concerns about a nurse’s professionalism than the patient. Maintaining practice expertise for the nurse also coincides with professionalism is one aspect perceived by E.J. J.A identifies being friendly, appropri ately addressing patients’ needs, and correctly performing tasks as characteristics of a professional. Both individuals recognized the need for professionalisms at the basic level but the nurse view point takes in consideration of ethical principles and required standards that nurses should have. Nurse Relation As both individuals describe what was rewarding or memorable about their experiences, a common concept noted was compassion. E.J exhibited compassion while J.A received compassion during her care. Through her responses, E.J views compassion as a willingness to go the extra-mile to help others and always have a willingness to help even when out of context. Similarly, J.A characterizes compassion as having empathy and truly caring about her well-being and outcome. It involves the nurse doing everything within her power to help the patient without being judgmental. For J.A, compassion is treating the patient in the same manner as the nurse would treat herself or her loved ones, if in the same situation. Overall, being competent, professional, and compassionate can have similar meanings to the nurse and the patient, with slight differences. As mentioned above, R.N. E.J.’s competency is primarily the education and knowledge obtained to successfully carry out nursing tasks. However in J.A’s point of view, competence is simply more than just academic education. The nurse is aware of the professional boundaries that the patient themselves may not be fully aware  of. For example the patient may perceive the friendliness as part of being a professional, while it might not full in line with the professional ethics of nursing. The importance of competence for the nurse is revealed when describing her daily tasks and role as a nurse educator. E.J states that daily tasks during his shift involves creating educational media, and assuring the staff in the ER department remains up to date on the many competencies required of the nurses such as consciousness sedation. He ensures the staff has the certifications necessary for the department. Making sure the nurse is knowledgeable and provides appropriate care for each patient is a key component. When describing the effects of being a nurse on her professional life, E.J recalls experiencing the death of a patient d uring her time as a pediatric nurse. E.J was caring for an infant 2 months old with a heart defect from birth, which whom was scheduled for surgery. However, on her next shift the once laughing baby became lifeless as the parents held the baby in their arms. Despite resuscitation efforts, the baby did not survive. E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) notes that often, â€Å"maintaining a level of professionalism is associated with not showing emotion around patients†, but in this scenario tears flowed down her cheeks and shared in the parents’ sorrow. For E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) â€Å"expressing that bit of emotion was a way of providing emotional support, and care which are components of professional nursing. E.J served in the military as a nurse and being able to travel coincides with compassion and use of her professionalism. On her account, the proudest she’s ever been about being a nurse was the ability to work with the humanity combat ER trauma unit. She traveled to Haiti with a reserve unit to treat and advise the citizens residing in the country’s capital Port- au-Prince. Despite knowing she would have to sleep in tents surrounded by poverty and leave her paying job, she was willing to step out of her comfort zone, and â€Å"lend a helping hand† to others in need. She states â€Å"every opportunity or chance she gets to take care of someone is a proud moment in her nursing career. E.J’s response demonstrates how the concept of compassion can and should in most cases be the driving force behind nursing care. Patient’s Relation Similar to the Nurse, the patient’s experience with the concepts were mostly  positive. After being involved in an auto mobile accident, J.A (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) was admitted to the hospital and doctors â€Å"discovered I had a mitral-stenosis valve† and needed a valve replacement. Therefore she had to be admitted for open heart surgery. During her stay at the hospital, which lasted almost two weeks, J.A recalls the surgeon going over the procedures with her carefully. The surgeon and nurses made sure she was aware of her options, and knew what to expect with each course of action she decides to take. Patient’s description and passionate voice as she talks denotes that she trusted the nursing staff and surgeon’s judgment and had confident in them, for they displayed a good level of competency. Furthermore J.A shares how every morning the surgeon would come to her room to share news on her progress. Professionalism is being emphasize d as the patient recalls that the nurses really took priority in making sure she knew and understood what was going to take place. The health care team properly instilled veracity as part of what it means to be a professional nurse. Moreover, the nursing team was very friendly and valued her beliefs, as J.A is SDA (Seventh-Day Adventist) .She does not eat pork and one of the replacement valves offered was made with pig fat. The nurses that not withhold that information to her, but was made aware of it, so she was given the option to choose another valve made out of plastic. Also the nurses â€Å"were more than willing† to pray with her and cater to her spiritual needs even though they themselves may not have been spiritual. â€Å"Their openness to participate in my belief in God is one aspect that helped with my full recovery†, states J.A(Personal Communication, November 4, 2012). Lastly, J. A recounts a stressful situation in which she encountered while being under the care of nurses. Each night during her hospital stay the nurses would randomly awaken her to check her blood pressure. Also she noted that on one occasion the nurse was unable to locate her veins while trying to draw blood. The nurse continuously tapped her arm and stated, â€Å"You have very tiny veins†. This response shows the patient view of the nurses’ lack of professionalism and competency. Ending the interview, J.A describes what she believes characterize a good nurse. According to her, a good nurse listens to your ailments, and pays attention to what the patient says. When the nurse listens to the patient, it is important since it allows the patient to feel they are a factor in their recovery and feel more comfortable being in  the hospital environment. The nurse being able to accommodate the patient base on what they need physically, emotionally and spiritually, overall supports the idea of a nurse’s professionalism, competency and compassion from J.A’s view point. Competence Nursing Article The nursing article by Brazil K. et al focuses on the concept of competence used in care provided in long-term care homes for the elderly. It is a study to test knowledge and perceived competency among the RNs and a few LPNs as well. Lack of competence in skills such as pain management, advance care planning, care and adequate care has increased the death rate among older adults in the LTC homes (Brazil et al 2012, 77). Often this lack in competency is due to education in training of staff, and â€Å"absent communication problems among healthcare providers and family members†. The latter has resulted in bad â€Å"quality end-life care† (Brazil et al 2012, 77). The nurses were competent with coping skills of â€Å"dealing with death and dying but lack formal training in palliative care† (Brazil et al 2012, 77). This coincides with the same ideas present through the nurse educator E.J and patient J.A idea of competence. As here there is a need for continuous update of education to make sure that the nurses have current knowledge. Moreover the idea of needing cultural competence identified in the patient’s point of view is essential as well, for the nurses were not communicating successful with the relatives of the patient or the other healthcare providers. Being competent in communication skills is as import as competence in clinical skills. Though other factors acknowledged in the study, prove to contribute to difficulties in providing the necessary care, â€Å"staff competence in that field served as the major determinant in assuring quality care† (Brazil, Brink, Kaasalainen, Kelly, & McAiney, 2012, p. 79). Factors that affect or may influence â€Å"effectiveness of continuing education† to increase competency can also be important as discussed in the article (Brazil et al 2012, 79). Overall competency involves more than just one skill, and is often a major concept needed in all nurse weather Pediatric, emergency room, or home health care. However one must not overlook the fact that competency develops over time as more experience is gained. Competency also implies or portrays the importance of the concept of evidence-based nursing research, so that we can enhance the competency of  nurses with new and better applications. Demonstrating competency or excellence is also a function of professionalism. Professionalism Nursing Article According to this article there are two aspects of professionalism in, â€Å"value-based’ and â€Å"behavioral-based†, needed to â€Å"support values and ideals† (Castell 2008, p.13). Professionalism in Nursing Practice by Francesca Costell (2008) compares and contrast the different views based on the aforementioned aspects. The value basis is principles that underlie what it means to be nurses while the behavioral basis are the behaviors â€Å"one must exhibit to act professionally† (Castell 2008, p.17). She further divides value based into the categories of clinical competency (excellence), humanism, and altruism. Behavior-based was also divided into Service and ethical conduct. From behavioral stand point, castell believes that humanism is a component of professionalism because the â€Å"interaction is vital for guiding the medical profession† (2008, p.13). As E.J mentioned above, showing your human side shoes respect for the patient and â€Å" signals the worth of the individual human being and his or her belief and value system† (2008, p.13). Castell view on professionalism coincides with E. J point of view as both acknowledge the need to sometime show emotion to connect with patients. Castell’s incorporates a key aspect of professionalism, ethical conduct. An unethical clinical example mentioned is of a student nurses preparing to care for an elderly patient and the experienced nurses’ warned of his obnoxious behavior and rudeness. This was an unprofessional as Castell believes â€Å"this could have compromised the care the students gave†, as it â€Å"form pre-conceived ideas† into their minds and would now care for him based on those ideals (Castell 2008, p.15). J.A as well identified this key ethical component of professionalism for she believed the nurse should carry out the appropriate care that is mandated of her. In general the core idea of being professional is acting â€Å"with out being prejudice† and carrying out your duties as a nurse which can sometimes include displaying the humanistic side to provide efficient care. Compassion Nursing Article Exploring Compassion accredits Christianity with incorporating compassion into nursing care. Compassion in early nursing was from a Christian point of  view and then became part of contemporary nursing. According to Straughair (2012), A nurse’s strive to alleviate the suffering of the sick is through the use of compassion (161). Failing to provide compassionate nursing care is failing to meet the required professional standards. Evidence shows that lack of compassion results in poor quality care on the part of the patient, and indicates a â€Å"disregard for their dignity† (Straughair, 2012 p.162). A lack of compassion affects the quality of healthcare as a whole whether the nurse is clinically competent. Conclusion Though all three concepts are interdependent of each other they function together as a whole along with many other concepts make nursing or nurses a success. Being competence itself consists of many sub categories as it is important to be competent in many skills or aspects as a nurse and not simply one. Competency as discussed in the paper is more than knowledge or cognitive skills and encompasses culture, communication, and many others of the like. Likewise professionalism has two facades as it can be mediated by values or behavior in the nursing feel. Even though the nurse and patient may have had slightly different views for each concept, it all came together to form a basis idea. Furthermore being compassion is the basic framework of nursing as it is having the genuine care for someone and showing patients empathy. It is treating others as you would treat yourself. Caring for patients with compassion can have a lasting impact on patients in help in a speedy recovery. Implication It is important for me as I progress through my nursing practice to remember that my competency level has to reach beyond simply checking off assessment on a checklist, or a test. As I will come across patients or situations of different nature, culture and need to be able to use skills that will cater to the specific situation or need at any given time. Competency in one area neglects to fulfill the needs of the patient overall and decreases quality of care. The same principle can be applied to professionalism, as I have to know what action is appropriate for nursing professional at any given time. But also judge whether my professionalism should be based on value or behavioral. This choice will be made base on what’s best for the patient, me, as well as others involves safety and well-being at the time. References Brazil, K., Brink, P., Kaasalainen, S., Kelly, M., & McAiney, C. (2012). Knowledge and perceived competence among nurses caring for the dying in long-term care homes. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 18(2), 77-83. Castell, F. (2008). Professionalism in nursing practice. Nursing Journal, 1213-17. Catalano, J. T. (2012). Nursing now: today’s issues, tomorrow’s trends (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co. Straughair, C. (2012). Exploring compassion: implications for contemporary nursing. Part 1. British Journal Of Nursing, 21(3), 160-164.